Childrens Television Commercials: Analyzing the Representation of Fam

Children's Television Commercials: Analyzing the Representation of Family The assignment requires children’s commercials to be studied to find how these commercials are coded to give meaning to a representation of ‘the family’. However, before this can be tackled the concept of representation must be discussed as well as clarifying what exactly is meant by ‘children’s commercials’. The assignment is open to many interpretations as to what constitutes a children’s commercial. A commercial aimed at children, especially young children, must have an appeal to both child and parent alike, as it is most likely the parent who will be purchasing any of the items desired. There is a crucial interplay within commercials between selling the item to the child whilst also selling the product to the parent. When identifying children’s commercials it is advisable to look beyond the most obvious choice of toys or ‘fun’ food to all the commercials involving ‘the family’ which a child may be exp osed to. Commercials are specifically placed to gain the maximum exposure to the optimum audience for their product, so any commercial shown during children’s viewing time must have some relevance for a child. Another point to be addressed is how is a child defined. In this essay, the definition of a child from the Oxford Dictionary of Current English is taken in a modified form. The definition is a â€Å"young human being below the age of puberty† (1996, 141), but in this essay, because puberty occurs at different stages in different people, a child is taken to be of primary school age. Yet further complexity is added when personal taste is taken into account. A child of five will want very different things than a ten-year-old child, it is hard to judge wh... ...ising children, which is then used to sell the product. Bibliography Bignell, J. (1997) Media Semiotics: An Introduction. Manchester University Press: Manchester. Chandler, D. (2002) Semiotics: the Basics. Routledge: London. Goldman, R. (1998) Reading Ads Socially. Routledge: London. Gunter, B. and McAleer, J. (1997) Children and Television. Routledge: London. Johnston, R.J., Gregory, D., Pratt, G., and Watts, M. (2000) The Dictionary of Human Geography, 4th Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Kaufman, G. (1999) The Portrayal of Men’s Family Roles in Television Commercials. [WWW document] http:/www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m2294/1999_Sept/58469479/p1/article. jhtml?term=gender+role+advertising Spivak, G. (1988) ‘Can the Subaltern speak?’ in Nelson, C. and Grossberg, L. (eds) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Macmillan: London. Children's Television Commercials: Analyzing the Representation of Fam Children's Television Commercials: Analyzing the Representation of Family The assignment requires children’s commercials to be studied to find how these commercials are coded to give meaning to a representation of ‘the family’. However, before this can be tackled the concept of representation must be discussed as well as clarifying what exactly is meant by ‘children’s commercials’. The assignment is open to many interpretations as to what constitutes a children’s commercial. A commercial aimed at children, especially young children, must have an appeal to both child and parent alike, as it is most likely the parent who will be purchasing any of the items desired. There is a crucial interplay within commercials between selling the item to the child whilst also selling the product to the parent. When identifying children’s commercials it is advisable to look beyond the most obvious choice of toys or ‘fun’ food to all the commercials involving ‘the family’ which a child may be exp osed to. Commercials are specifically placed to gain the maximum exposure to the optimum audience for their product, so any commercial shown during children’s viewing time must have some relevance for a child. Another point to be addressed is how is a child defined. In this essay, the definition of a child from the Oxford Dictionary of Current English is taken in a modified form. The definition is a â€Å"young human being below the age of puberty† (1996, 141), but in this essay, because puberty occurs at different stages in different people, a child is taken to be of primary school age. Yet further complexity is added when personal taste is taken into account. A child of five will want very different things than a ten-year-old child, it is hard to judge wh... ...ising children, which is then used to sell the product. Bibliography Bignell, J. (1997) Media Semiotics: An Introduction. Manchester University Press: Manchester. Chandler, D. (2002) Semiotics: the Basics. Routledge: London. Goldman, R. (1998) Reading Ads Socially. Routledge: London. Gunter, B. and McAleer, J. (1997) Children and Television. Routledge: London. Johnston, R.J., Gregory, D., Pratt, G., and Watts, M. (2000) The Dictionary of Human Geography, 4th Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Kaufman, G. (1999) The Portrayal of Men’s Family Roles in Television Commercials. [WWW document] http:/www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m2294/1999_Sept/58469479/p1/article. jhtml?term=gender+role+advertising Spivak, G. (1988) ‘Can the Subaltern speak?’ in Nelson, C. and Grossberg, L. (eds) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Macmillan: London.

Requirement I

G51REQ Coursework 1 REQUIREMENTS ELICITATION REPORT Group: Authors: Muhammad Khidhir Hein Min Htike Ang Rhu Zen Date: 10/11/2011 Part 1 Report Summary The report is about the activities done and observed before, while and after the trip to Zoo Negara. The main activities were deciding where and when to go, making the trip, arriving at the place and doing a visit, returning from the trip and activities after the visit. Initially, we were planning to visit A’ Famosa in Malacca, but it was canceled as Malacca was a big distance away from the campus, and the travelling will take most of our time.After searching on the internet about places to visit in Kuala Lumpur, we decided on visiting Zoo Negara on Saturday, which is much closer compared to Malacca and almost none of us had visited the place yet. On Saturday morning, we met at the SA building and drove to the zoo. Having a driver who knows the routes in Kuala Lumpur, we reached Zoo Negara in about an hour. However, we had a har d time finding parking spots as it was the eve of Hari Raya. In the end, we had to park our car a long distance away from the entrance, but at least we have arrived at the zoo.Inside the zoo, we saw different kinds of animals and there were several centers that function as a sanctuary for famous local birds, reptiles and fish. We collected data by taking pictures and interviewing a few individuals while having a break at one of the train stops. After we went to see the tigers and lions in the Mammal Kingdom, we finally left the zoo from another entrance, which was not far from where we parked. On the way back, we stopped at a Burger King in Damansara for late lunch before heading back to Nottingham. When we got back to our own home s, we saved the pictures hat were taken and started on writing the report. In the end, the problems we had on that trip was based on finding places within the zoo and wasting our time seeing some of the same attractions. Part 2 Approach to requirements el icitation Requirements elicitation is also known as requirements gathering, which is part of the process upon enquiring the requirements of a particular system from users, customers and stakeholders. In other words, it can also be considered as consul tation with the people who are involved in the process as mentioned above.Stages of elicitation include objective setting, background knowledge, knowledge organisation and stakeholder requirements collection. There is various specific approach of requirements elicitation which includes interviewing, soft systems methods, prototyping, scenarios, and requirements reuse and participant observation. These are some of the familiar approach to requirements elicitation. Firstly, the requirements engineer will talk about the system with numbers of stakeholders and boost the understanding of their requirements.Therefore, an interview will be conducted in order to get the necessary information. This can be done in two different ways, either thro ugh closed interviews or open interviews. Closed interviews will be conveyed by looking for answers from a pre-defined number of questions which has been set by the requirements engineer. Unlike closed interviews, open interviews let the requirements engineer to dispute with the stakeholders in an open-ended way about what they want from the system. Interviewers can never approach the interview with disapproving ideas about what is needed and must be open-minded.Besides that, stakeholders must be given an idea about the discussion by requirements proposal or show examples of an existing system. Secondly, scenarios technique is used for elicitation which explains the way a system is being used through stories description. It starts with an introduction of the system before the scenario starts, then the usual flow of events with some exception and information about coexisting activities. At the end of the scenario, a description of the system is being stated. Scenarios describe how a user communicates with a system.Participant observation is observing people at work because they find it difficult to tell what they do because it is normal to them. Moreover, ethnography method also has proved to be precious in understanding actual work processes. An ethnographer can observe people at work and create an image of how work is done. Furthermore, another method in requirements elicitation is requirements reuse. It involves taking a developed system and uses them in different system. These reused requirements have already been checked and validated in other system, thus saves time and effort.But, currently it is an informal process but through this, it could lead to bigger cost savings. By reusing, it could lead to a consistency of pattern through applications. While being at the zoo, we walked throughout the whole area of the zoo to get a better view and some first-hand experience on how things work there. We could see that, the signage doesn’t really give accur ate direction to the place we wanted to go. The signage tells us to go towards the direction they give but in the end we were in a different pathway from the one we were supposed to be at. They should provide a clearer signage for people to understand it better.Additionally, I think there should be more staffs in and around the zoo to explain further information on the kind of animals we are looking at and provide some interesting details on how they eat or the kind of food that they eat and many more. These are the things that they should focus more on, and who wouldn’t like list ening to interesting stories of animals? Likewise, I can also observe the backgrounds of people who were there, so that a wider view can be seen on the people who we can put more focus on. I must say that, most of the visitors were foreigners and only a nu mber of Malaysians were there.This might be because of the past experience they had at the zoo. Therefore, I conducted interviews and ask them a few questions related to the zoo to know exactly what they think of the place and get some opinions and ideas from them. In my opinion, the interview gave us a lot of useful information on what the zoo can improve on and the things that should be maintained for them to get a better experience of the zoo. And hopefully, this will result in an increase in the numbe r of visitors and a better review from everyone Part 3 Practicalities of field study Anonymous1 Nationality: Malaysian Age: 42Gender: Male Race: Malay Date of Birth: 12/05/1979 Occupation: Teacher Location: Ampang Marital Status: Married Anonymous2 Nationality: Malaysian Age: 18 Gender: Male Race: Chinese Date of Birth: 06/12/1993 Occupation: Student Location: Kampung Pandan Marital Status: Single Our group went to the National Zoo for up to almost 6 hours, including the journey of going to the zoo and coming back from the zoo. Later on, we went for a late lunch in Burger King which took us about half an hour to get there a nd left at approximately 30 minutes later. Then, we went back to our campus which took us another 40 minutes.In total, the duration of the whole trip was about 8 hours. There are a few data that we gathered which includes photos, informal interviews and field notes. From the informal interview, we interviewed two different people from completely different background, thus the answer from both of them gave us the idea of how people in their respective age think. When we did an interview with anonymous1, he complained about the number of staffs who were working in the zoo. It results in a poor service and maintenance of the place and also dirty cages and walkways that are fu ll of leaves.In addition, anonymous also complained about the lack of choices when it comes to food. There were only one restaurant inside the zoo and the price of the snacks is more expensive than outside. I think they should provide better facilities all around the zoo and increase the number of restaurants or j ust improve the quality of the restaurant that is inside there. There should be more places where people can sit and r elax in an airconditioning environment especially when time comes noon, it would be very hot in Malaysia nowadays.Other than that, we experienced the bad condition of the toilet where the water were flushing out from the floor and clogged sinks and toile t bowls. This issue should be resolve for it to be a better place. Part 4 Activities observed and their sequential orders The main activities involved in visiting places are finding a place to visit, planning the trip, performing the journey or going to the destination, doing the actual visiting, leaving and returning home, and after visit. The activity of finding a place to visit is composed of not only deciding where to go but also when to go. This activity is closely related to planning the trip.As a product of this activity, we will get a confirmed destination of visit and confirmed time-frame for the visit. The activity of performing journey is the process of actually going to the decided destination. This activity has to be carried out as planne d in the first activity. The product of this activity is that, we actually reach to planned destination. The processes in the activities of doing actual visiting are the processes carried out at the planned place. In our case, the processes like going ar ound and seeing the zoo and conducting the interviews are the processes that form the actual visiting activity.Data for ethnographic analysis can be obtained as the product of this activity. The activity of leaving and returning trip is the processes in volved in returning home from zoo. The product of is that, we get back home. The processes that made up the activity â€Å"after visit† are like transferring the pictures from cameras and writing the report base on the experiences from the above activities. T he products are saved pictures in pc and a report to submit. Sequential order of a ctivities –Deciding and planning the trip Performing Journey Doing the visit Leaving and returningAfter Visit Part 5 Work Practice 1 (Deciding where and when to go and planning the trip) The work of visiting places begins by deciding where to as a group. We sat down in SA and decided where to go by using information from the internet. The first suggestion by Khidhir to choose as a visiting place was â€Å"D-paradise and A’ Famosa in Malacca†. But we the main problem with going to Malacca was the distance from our places. Malacca is 130 km from our place and the driving time to get there is 2 hours with no heavy traffic . The round trip will take approximately 4 and half hours.So, with the time frame we got, we will not have much time to do the actual visiting in Malacca. So, we decided not to go to Malacca and the other option is to visit a place near Kuala Lumpur. We s earched on the internet for places to see in KL. We got 3 options to visit in KL, namely, Bat u Caves, Aquaria KLCC, Kuala Lumpur Bird Park, and Zoo Negara. We chose zoo Negara because two of the group members have not been there and thought it would be int eresting to see Malaysia major zoological park. We decided to go there on Saturday and to depart from Nottingham at around 9am.One of the group members own a car, so we decided to go with his car. Then, we discussed about the time allocation for the trip and what to do during the visit. Zoo Negara is only 43 km from Nottingham and can be reached within an hour drive. So, we will be at the zoo at around 10, and then we planned to do visiting and stay at zoo until after 3 pm because there is animal show at 3 pm. We planned to do some interviews at the zoo for the ethnographic analysis. We also discussed about what should be interview questions and we finally agreed for ten questions which will be stated in â€Å"Work Practice 3†.The products of this activity are that, we have definite idea of where to go and we have a plan for what to do during the trip. Work Practice 2 (Undertaking the journey) We met up on Saturday as planned and went on to have breakfast at the SA building. Then, we departed for zoo at 9:35 am. Khidhir was driving and Rhu Zen took the front seat beside him and Hein Min Htike was at the back seat. The driver knows KL routes insi de out, so, we didn’t need to any work of way-finding. We went to zoo directly except one pit -stop for fuel. It took us 50 minutes to get there and we were at zoo at 10:30.The problem when we reached zoo was that we could not find a parking space easily. Since we visited there on Saturday which was not only normal public but also eve of Hari Raya, there were so many visitors’ cars. We have had to park our car six streets away from entrance. The product of this activity is that, we really reached the zoo. Work Practice 3 (Arriving at the zoo and doing the visit) We took some photos at the entrance and then bought tickets and entered zoo. The ticket price for Malaysian is 20RM and for foreigner is 30RM. We first went to visit the â€Å"hornbill center† where they keep many hornbill species, monkeys and hippopotamus.Then, we visited the â€Å"bee museum†. Bee museum is a Kiosk selling honey and other bee related souvenirs. It also features displays of all the integrated honey industry activities from bee breeding to honey extracting. Then, we went on to see the Indian cows and the bears’ complex. Then, we took the Savannah Walk and saw a variety of African animals like Sable antelopes, Scimatar oryx, giraffes, ostriches, zebras, and white rhinoceroses. At the end of Savannah Walk road, we sat down at train stop 5 to give a rest to our legs and to make some interviews.We firstly interviewed â€Å"Anonymous1† from KL who was there with his family. Khidhir conducted the interview in Malay Language. We then interviewed â€Å"Anonymous2† who also lives in KL and he was there with his fri ends. We will write the main points of those interviews in â€Å"Question and Answer† format to save word count and to avoid repetition. Question: With whom you came here today and how many peop le are there with you? Is there any particular reason to come here? Anonymous1: I am visiting here with my family and there are total of 4 people with me, my wife and my two kids and myself. We are just having our week-end day out.Anonymous2: I am here with my friends and there are total of 5 people in my group. We have not been here for very long time, so we just wanted to see the changes inside the zoo. Question: How did you come here? Was there any problem getting here like parking problem? Anonymous 1: I drove here and there was not any particular problem to get here. We arrived here really early and so, we could manage to find a parking space easily. Anonymous 2: We came here with LRT and taxi. We reached Wangsa Maju station and we took taxi to get here. This place is easily acce ssible and there was no problem to get here.Question: Any comments about the animals in zoo? Anonymous1: Quite a lot of varieties of animals are kept in this zoo and the animals seem happy. Anonymous2: We have been walking around the zoo for only 2 hours and we have been to almost all the places inside the zoo. There are not much interesting animal in here except penguins. I have not seen penguins before. Question: How do you think of animal show available in this zoo? Anonymous1: The animal show at 11 am was quiet good, they spoke in Malay, so my kids could understand very well, and they really enjoyed it. Anonymous2: We arrived here at around 11 am.So we missed the morning show. But we really are not into seeing the animal show as there will be a lot of people at the show. Question: Any comments about staffs? Anonymous1: I didn’t see much of staffs. Only staffs I saw were at the entrances of zoo and aquarium world, and the staffs conducting the animal show. I th ink the num ber of staff is inadequate compare to the size of zoo because the animal cages are dirty and walkways are full of dry leaves and did not see anyone cleaning them. Anonymous2: I have nothing special to say about staffs from here. I rarely see the m inside the zoo.Question: How do you think of food shops and souvenir shops inside zoo? Anonymous1: As things inside the zoo are very expensive and I did not buy anything. Moreover, there is only one restaurant to have lunch or breakfast. Anonymous2: We were just discussing to go and have lunch. There are quite a lot of snack shops, but there is only one restaurant for lunch. I think there should be more restaurants, so that, visitors can choose their favorite meal. And drinks here at the snack shops are slightly expensive than outside. Question: Transportation inside zoo? Did you use it?Anonymous1: We preferred to walk to get closer look at the animals. Anonymous2: We planned to stay here until evening, so we are not in hurry. We decided t o walk around the zoo. Question: How do you describe your overall experience at zoo? Things you like most? Things you like least? Anonymous1: We are having a fun time; especially for my children. It has been a good day out so far. What we liked most is Savannah Walk, which is like a small version of African landscape with the animals roaming freely, especially giraffes. Anonymous2: There is nothing much for adults to do in zoo.For sure, this is not one of our best days out. The good point inside the zoo is the tall, shady trees which provide shade for leisure troll. Things I do not like here are that, animals are kept in very dirty environment. The worst thing is aquarium where you cannot even see the fish clearly because of the dirty water and grubby mirrors. Question: What should be done to improve the overall quality of zoo? Anonymous1: More staffs should be stationed inside the zoo, to p rovide information and interact with visitors. And they should also prioritize the cleanline ss of zoo.Anonymous2: There are so many rooms to improve in this zoo. Zoo maps are available for 2RM, which should be given free to every visitor. The signages ar e not around every corner, and even when you see them, they are not quite clear in their pointing direction. With no free map, and no clear signage, I am pretty sure that, visitors will get lost quite often. Moreover, there are no staffs to be seen inside the zoo to ask information or to ask direction. Another important thing there is that they should focus more on the cleanliness of environment. Everywhere inside the zoo is stinking.The toilets are very dirty. Question: Do you plan to visit the zoo again or would you recommend this to your friends? Any tips to organize a good day out to zoo? Anonymous1: My kids would like to come back here, so we might be coming again like 2, 3 months later. I would definitely recommend this place for a family day out fo r those with small kids. I would advise anyone to bring along their own food and drinks as things inside are twice the price outside. Anonymous2: No, we are not coming back here anytime in the future. And we will never recommend a friend to visit here.As a tip, don’t come here. Even when they come, come here early, to avoid extremely hot temperature inside zoo and to avoid heavy crowd. After the two interviews, we continued our visit inside the zoo. We went to mammal kingdom and then went on to see the tigers and lions. After that lion place, we went inside the reptile house and spent around thirty minutes inside. Then, we went inside bird house where so many species of birds are kept inside different compartments. We then sat bough some cold drink and sat down under the shade for about 15 minutes.Then, we went to see the aquarium world which is very dull and boring place. Fishes inside are nothing much interesting. Then we watched the animal show for a while because there were so many people and we could not see or hear the show very well fr om our place. We then went to penguin house and we have completed visiting the whole zoo. We made our way out from entrance B and found out that it was not far from the street where we parked our car. The products of this activity are that, we could enjoy the zoo, we could manage to finish the interviews and we got data for ethnography.Work Practice 4 (Return and getting home) We left zoo at around 3:50 pm and we drove to Damansara Burger King to have a late lunch. Damansara Burger king was 25 km far from zoo and it took us around 30 minutes to get there. Then, we have had lunch until around 4:50 and then we left for Nottingham University. It took us around 30 minutes to reach school and the distance was around 30 km. Once we reached Nottingham, we parted our ways to our houses. The products of this activity are having lunch, and getting back home. Work Practice 5 (After Visit)When reach our houses, we rested for some time. At night, we copied the pictures from camera memories cards to PCs. And we all started writing the report to submit. The products are the saved pictures and the report. Part 6 The Requirements Problem During our trip, we had a hard time navigating the zoo as we did not bring a map and also there were occasions that we had to use some of the facilities that were not well maintained. Another problem while doing the trip was that we may have missed some of the attractions because we did not have a map in the first place.We decided we need a system to be keeping track of what we had seen, what attractions we may have missed, and because there were not many staff members seen inside the zoo to maintain the facilities, which places to avoid. It should also update the group about any show times inside the zoo and keep a watch handy to check how long we were visiting some of the attractions. As a task scheduling system, it should be able to display some main attractions that we should see within the zoo itself, although the place itself is sm all, and not just simply walk around and attempt to understand what every animal is or does.Any group would definitely get bored walking under the hot sun only to see that the animals are sleeping during the mid-day. It should also be able to sort and notify the user or users of any events or shows that are going to start. That way, the group could plan on which places to visit in the zoo before walking back to see the animal show. This will also prevent the group from rushing around as the zoo has some very odd placement of some of the facilities, including toilets. Besides that, it hould have a mapping system so that it will display the locations of all the main attractions, the bus stops, resting spots and the toilets within the zoo as it was difficult to find a sign with the entire map of the zoo easily and therefore avoid wasting time going rounds inside the zoo. Other than that, because there were many places that had the same attractions, which eventually made one of our group mem bers bored, the ta sk scheduling system should also have a notepad for any individual in the group to write their own comments about the zoo.This is to avoid having to see the same attraction under the very hot sun the next time he visits the zoo. Lastly, for any group members who were not familiar with the animals and find the description beside the animal cages confuse them even further, there should be a translator or encyclopedia to make it more understandable. It will also help other tourists who were busy looking for directions from us as they could not read some of the signs.

The History and Public Opinion of Capital Punishment Essay

The History and Public Opinion of Capital Punishment The history of the death penalty goes back to the earliest civilizations where it was used to punish all sorts of crimes from robbery, to murder, to different forms of heresy. In the United States it evolved to just punish murder, treason, and some cases of rape. It has been an issue that has sparked a never ending debate that goes back to colonial times. The general public traditionally supported the death penalty in a majority with only a few politicians speaking out against it (i.e., Benjamin Rush, Ben Franklin and later on Horace Greeley). Once the U.S. gained independence, each state went back and forth in abolishing and reinstating the death penalty and methods of†¦show more content†¦Some dissenters claimed that people who were ethically opposed to the death penalty were biased because they would never vote to give the death penalty to people who deserved it. Some historians say that this marked the first time that the supreme court was persuaded by public opinion aga inst capital punishment. The following statement was made by Justice Potter Stewart who spoke for the majority, â€Å"In a nation less than half of whose people believe in the death penalty, a jury composed exclusively of such people cannot speak for the community†¦In its quest for a jury capable of imposing the death penalty, the State produced a jury uncommonly willing to condemn a man to die† (Gottfried:60). Scholars and lawyers also thought this would be the end of capital punishment for good because the courts’ willingness to accept people who fundamentally opposed the death penalty, but this turned out not to be true because of details in the decision that allowed courts and legislatures to work around it. The 1972 case of Furman v Georgia was seen as a complete victory for abolitionists at the time, but proved to be more complicated than it appeared. 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Multiple publications that examine capital punishment will be analyzedRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Economic, Political, And Social Impact On The United States Of America1739 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Capital punishment, also frequently referred to as the  death penalty, is a government certified practice where a person is put to death by the state as a form of punishment for a crime they have committed (Henderson, 25). Crimes that are found punishable by death are referred to as  capital crimes  or  capital offences, and commonly include offences such as murder, treason, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide (Henderson, 48-9). The term  capital  is derived from the  Latin term

Autism in America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1257 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Autism Essay Did you like this example? â€Å"Its not who you are underneath its what you do that defines you.† This quote from Rachel Dawes in Christopher Nolan’s Batman series defines Bruce Wayne for the rest of the series. Autism Spectrum Disorder is also something that is a defining factor of life for many children. Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder, that causes social, behavioral, and communication challenges. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Autism in America" essay for you Create order This is caused by the lack of medical knowledge up until the recent decades. People who were on the low functioning end of the spectrum in the past they were treated horribly and locked away like lab animals. There are people who believe Autism Spectrum Disorder developed when children were given vaccines, and people also believe that Autism Spectrum disorder stems from the changes in food. However, people with Autism Spectrum Disorder have always existed in America, but they only started to become more prevalent in recent centuries. In America during the early nineteenth century people who had Autism Spectrum Disorder were looked down upon. They were treated horribly and segregated from the rest of humanity. John Donovan and Caren Zucker authors of â€Å"Autism in Early America† mention, â€Å"Howe was appalled by the horrifying conditions in which many idiots lived crammed into almshouses, kept in cages, left to wander unwashed and uncared for (Donovan et. Al).† This example was not uncommon for people on the Autism spectrum. Since the people that lived here were not well taken care of and left to their own devices this was a large reason as to why Autism went underdiagnosed during the nineteenth century. Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe was the lead on changing the way the United States of America viewed Autistic people. He worked for better treatment of these people which helped to lead a cultural shift in society. Dr. Howe when developing his diagnosis of Autism looked for the root cause of intellectu al disability. In the later part of the nineteenth century he went to the state legislature to ask for fund for a school to prove people that were so called â€Å"idiots† could be educated. His work at the school was successful enough that the legislature gave him money to open a second school. After these schools opened several more opened after providing education to people who were Autistic or â€Å"idiots.† Sadly, Howe’s institutions fell victim to two problems. First, they were provided education, but it was not the quality of education that people who do not have disabilities were provided. Second during the twentieth century many of the schools fell into disarray and were shut down since no one kept up with them. Dr. Howe’s efforts finally paid off in 1991. A law was passed creating federal rights for students who have Autism Spectrum Disorder. In 1991 under president George H. W. Bush a law was passed making it so that students who had disabilities have the federal right to be in the same schools as everyone else. The reason this law was created and passed was for the purpose of bringing students with disabilities out of separate schools and into public schools. Jackie Jones in the article states, â€Å"DASP provides professional development and technical assistance to make the postsecondary experience more accessible to autistic students, †¦ (Jackie Jones).† DASP is a program that was able to be created because of the law passed by George H. W. Bush. This program at the time of the article’s publishing was three years old. It has helped students at university ease into college life; and this has made socialization a bit easier for them. The work in this program also provides technologies that are adapted to the needs of the university’s Autistic students. DASP also provides a sense of community for the special needs students who may feel like they are the only ones that have Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research on this matter has continued since the start of this program as we look towards the future on how to treat Autism Spectrum Disorder. Around this time in the 90s Autism Spectrum Disorder started to rise in numbers. People started to have more vaccinations and food started to change. As people who started research and said that autism only started to develop out of these changes in food and the increase of vaccinations. Research has been done over the last 150 years and we have learned a lot but still have much more to do. The medical community knows only a little more than we did during the nineteenth century. Research that has been done since then has now given us signs of what to look for in children. The article argues, â€Å"With growing numbers of families across the country affected by autism spectrum disorder over all one in 88 children will be diagnosed with A.S.D., and one in 54 boys †¦ (â€Å"Study Suggests More Services Needed for Young Adults.†)† Now that the medical community has guidelines of how to diagnose Autism. It may have led to another problem being an over diagnosis of the developmental disorder. Overdiagnosis is a problem because the guidelines become blurry again making it harder to diagnose. A problem that stems off overdiagnosis is that people who really need the help will not get covered by insurance and the Special Education portions of schools do not get proper funding. People’s attitude towards Autism have become more positive. Although there are still some people who are not quite as accepting of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Churches and parishes have started to provide programs, but most are not willing to put the extra step forward to help these families. As we go further ahead in time, we hope to gain better treatment for people and families that have been affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism has defined the lives of many people over the years. The lives of people that were Autistic in the nineteenth century were horrid. They were isolated into almshouses and left in horrendous conditions and they were labeled as â€Å"idiots†. This led to Autism being under diagnosed for several years. In 1991 president George H. W. Bush passed a law that created federal rights for all students that have disabilities to be in the same schools as students without disabilities. As people with Autism and the medical community look to the future, they look to gain more knowledge about the developmental disorder and for people to become even more accepting of the disorder. There has also become an overdiagnosis which has led to problems for people that need help and can not get it because of insurance companies not wanting to cover those needs. In conclusion people that have Autism Spectrum Disorder since the nineteenth century have been treated differently over the years from a nimals in the past to now being given equal treatment and education as other students who are not disabled. Works Cited Donovan, John and Caren Zucker. â€Å"Autism in Early America.† Smithsonian, vol. 46, no. 9, Jan. 2016, pp. 114–121. EBSCOhost, lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=ip,cpidcustid=s1088435db=a9hAN=112184286site=ehost-live. Jones Jackie. â€Å"Autism in Academia.† Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. 58, 17 Mar. 2012, pp. 38–42. EBSCOhost, lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=ip,cpidcustid=s1088435db=a9hAN=73825805site=ehost-live. â€Å"Study Suggests More Services Needed for Young Adults.† America, vol. 206, no. 19, June 2012, pp. 6–7. EBSCOhost, lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=ip,cpidcustid=s1088435db=a9hAN=76247145site=ehost-live.

Summary Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1545 Words

Tenure of Terror Terrorists express their loathing for those outside their coalition by stifling growth and opportunity. A person who despises another based on skin color, religion, sexual orientation, or political belief is essentially a bigot. A hater. A bad seed. However, this same individual gains power and credibility when banded together with those of like mind. At once, the brotherhood becomes a fraternity, a circle in which radical attitudes and the spewing of hatred finds a friend. How can there be a community of people that operates a hate organization in today s society? With the youth of today becoming more integrated and accepting, how is it that racism can flourish? Although on the surface it appears that people are open†¦show more content†¦Becoming a coalition at once, the antagonism radiating within one s heart finds congeniality. Members of the Klan ranged from â€Å"small farmers and laborers to planters, lawyers, merchants, physicians and ministers,† but members today are those of middle-class America (History par. 5). Although the Ku Klux Klan started off as a fraternal terrorist group, in recent times they’ve adopted abuse, sex crimes, and theft to their list of bad actions. This suggests that Klan members commit many â€Å"non-ideological crimes† and have criminality running through their veins (Anti-Defamation par. 8). Over this organization’s fluctuating history, their violent tendencies have grown so strong that â€Å"a number of Klan groups tend to attract people with violent or antisocial natures,† assuming that everyday white people have slowly migrated away from such a club (Anti-Defamation par. 8). The KKK is a racist, illiberal, dogmatic movement with a commitment to violence in order to achieve its goals of racial segregation and white supremacy. It is perhaps easier to expose the ugliness within while masking the identity of the hate ridden. A coward hides shamefully withholding the expression of their feelings. But, disguise that cowardly one, and suddenly, they have the strength of ten men. Hence, the cloak wearing masked men and women of the Ku Klux Klan. These individuals have one mission, and one mission only: purify America,

Customer Relationship Management Business Organisation

Question: Discuss about theCustomer Relationship Managementfor Business Organisation. Answer: Introduction: Customer Relationship Management System is a tool that describes the link the business has with its customers. It not only involves capturing all quantitative information relating to the customers of the business, but also capturing qualitative aspects of serving those customers. Thus, CRM system first aims to locate and gather the basic information of all the customers. Thereafter those information is used to fulfil the needs of the existing customers and attracting new ones in the process, thereby expanding the market of the business. Concept of CRM: Customer relationship management is a strategy, process and includes technology that business organisation uses to manage their customers and their interaction points. CRM can be perceived as tactics that convert existing customers into loyal customers by not only fulfilling their requirements but also considering their individual choice. It focuses on building customer trust which results in a strong and healthy customer relationship. (Ajmera et al., 2013). How CRM helps firms achieve customer intimacy: Now days, due to the rapid increase in globalisation and internet marketing and sales, the need of customers have become dynamic and uncertain. In such situation, it has become very essential for firms to understand how the need and preference of customers are changing with the options available to them in the market. CRM help firms in assessing such needs by constantly being in touch with them and offering the best possible deals that will enable them retain as their customer (Khodakarami and Chan, 2014). CRM uses the following tools/strategies that enable firms achieve customer intimacy: Developing quality in order to achieve customer satisfaction. Increase marketing strategies to convert regular customers into loyal customers thus improving the bottom line Providing constant help and support, both online and offline enabling in improving efficiency Create business plans that are based on the predictions and analysis of past service and sales trends. Creating central databases that is open for the whole organization to identify customer patterns (Pedronet al. 2016). Automation in sales by online means. Example- self order, e payment etc. Popular tools used under CRM system in organisations. Example- McDonald in the food and beverage industry is one of the example companies that has created huge database i.e. history of customers, their buying pattern, amount and quality of products, etc are maintained. McDonald has maintained customer interaction with the use of customer involvement points. Physical Deployment of Personnel: Under small scale businesses, where the market is located in a particular area most often, the best way to have customer intimacy is through one-to-one interaction. Volunteers and other personnel are deployed to gather information and maintain customer records physically/online, for catering to the needs of the customers ("Comparing CRM systems", 2015,). Web Based Technology based CRM softwares: Under large scale business organisations, the firms use several web based CRM softwares like CiviCRM, Salesforce, etc. to report its CRM activities. These software are mostly custom-made, based on the requirements of the business and act as data mining tools which help the business take accurate decisions on sales, marketing, changing business trends etc (Chien, 2015). Social Media tools like Facebook, Twitter, Linkedinetc. Most popular and easy accessible social media acts as both marketing and CRM tools for all business organisations. Open Platforms to receive customer feedbacks enables them to understand the customers well. CRM and Competitive Advantage: The main reason why CRM was introduced in the business strategies is to attain competitive advantage. As the old saying goes, Customer is the King. This approach makes sure that each customer feels having a centralized relationship with the organisation. A proper CRM gives the firm the chance to know, understand the customers. It helps in identifying their needs, queries and concerns (Chiang, 2012). Example- McDonald has developed marketing policy under which customers interaction is central point. McDonald has developed customer based information system under which customers loyalty points were traced, discounts offers are provided to customers. Advantages of operational CRM are as follows- Automation of sales promotion- It can be analysed that CRM is used attracts more customers by employing CRM strategies. It includes follow up with customers and converts sale lead into actual sale. Service automation- Under CRM system, customer history is maintained so that each and every aspect related to customer can be maintained. For example, maintaining database of customer can be easily reached and can be used in decision making process of business organisation. Case Study CRM by Dominos Pizza, India Dominos Pizza, one of the leading pizza suppliers in the world has used the following CRM practises that has enabled them gain their competitive advantage over others in the market. Operational Perspective: Special offers and regular offers round the clock for all customers Home delivery specialists with 30 min free delivery targets Dominos WOW Club Cost effective pizzas and weekend offers User friendly ordering cancellation process Healthy pizza and low fat and cheese pizzas Feel good ambience, special party and corporate spaces and order intakes Analytical Perspective of CRM Customer relationship management can also be seen as source of data collection or information gathering. As business operation of every business organisation requires decision making so as to solve issues. In order to make correct and intelligent decisions management or managers requires certain information (Tereso and Bernardino, 2011). On the basis of these information decisions can be taken by business organisation. Analytical customer relationship management uses many techniques like data collection, data mining, data storing and other statistical techniques so that data related to customers can be used indecision making process. Customers are lifeline of business entity that can make or break any move of business organisation. Therefore it can be analysed that customer relationship management system can be used for generating useful information for decision making process of business entity (Smith, 2016). For example- Maintaining history (sales, address, items purchased, saving credit card, etc) of customers can be used to make interaction point for customers and try to increase sales. Another example of analytical CRM is to save time of customers by using customer database. Conclusion: A good CRM accurately assesses the relationships with the customers and gives the organization a clear view of what the customers truly want from it. Today, every customer has endless brands to choose from. A business needs to do more than what precisely it is supposed to. This enables the business to make a lasting impression that is valued by the customer. CRM tools make this process easy by providing crisp information that the organization needs to understand and appeal customers. With technology, the number of options available to the company for data mining is unlimited. Information is available in seconds with single clicks. Adoption of detailed CRM Policy, allocating budgets for CRM activities, approving the same at the Board level and quarterly review will ensure every organisation to be in tune with their customer base. References "Comparing CRM systems", 2015, Investment News, vol. 19, no. 37. Ajmera, J., Ahn, H., Nagarajan, M., Verma, A., Contractor, D., Dill, S. Denesuk, M. 2013, "A CRM system for social media: challenges and experiences", ACM, , pp. 49. Chiang, W. 2012, "To establish online shoppers' markets and rules for dynamic CRM systems", Internet Research, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 613-625. Chien, T.K., Ma, H.Y. Hou, K.L. 2015, "A Study for establishing ideal CRM system function structure", IEEE, , pp. 681. Khodakarami, F. Chan, Y.E. 2014, "Exploring the role of customer relationship management (CRM) systems in customer knowledge creation", Information Management, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 27-42. Pedron, C.D., Picoto, W.N., Dhillon, G. Caldeira, M. 2016, "Value-focused objectives for CRM system adoption", Industrial Management Data Systems, vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 526-545. Smith, L. 2016, "5 reasons predictive analytics make or break a CRM System", Database and Network Journal, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 17. Tereso, M. Bernardino, J. 2011, "Open Source CRM Systems for SMEs", International Journal of Managing Information Technology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 41-56.

On September 1, 1939, The German Military Forces Invaded Poland Essays

On September 1, 1939, the German military forces invaded Poland to begin World War II. This invasion was very successful because of its use of a new military strategic theory -- blitzkrieg. Blitzkrieg, literally "lightning war," involved the fast and deadly coordination of two distinct forces, the Wermacht and the Luftwaffe. The Wermacht advanced on the ground, while the Luftwaffe destroyed the enemy air force, attacked enemy ground forces, and disrupted enemy communication and transportation systems. This setup was responsible for the successful invasions of Poland, Norway, Western Europe, the Balkans and the initial success of the Russian invasion. For many years after the first of September, the air war in Europe was dominated by the Luftwaffe. No other nation involved in the war had the experience, technology, or numbers to challenge the Luftwaffe's superiority. It was not until the United States joined the war effort that any great harm was done to Germany and even then, German air superiority remained unscathed. It was not until the advent of the North American P-51 Mustang fighter, and all of the improvements, benefits, and side effects that it brought with it, that the Allies were able to achieve air superiority over the Germans. Reasons for the Pre-P-51 Air Situation The continued domination of the European skies by the Luftwaffe was caused by two factors, the first of which was the difference in military theory between the Luftwaffe and the Royal Air Force. The theories concerning the purpose and function of the Luftwaffe and RAF were exactly opposite and were a result of their experiences in World War I. During WW I, Germany attempted a strategic bombing effort directed against England using Gothas (biplane bombers) and Zeppelins (slow-moving hot-air balloons) which did not give much of a result. This, plus the fact that German military theory at the beginning of WW II was based much more on fast quick results (Blitzkrieg), meant that Germany decided not to develop a strategic air force. The Luftwaffe had experienced great success when they used tactical ground-attack aircraft in Spain (i.e. at Guernica), and so they figured that their air force should mainly consist of this kind of planes. So Germany made the Luftwaffe a ground support force that was essentially an extension of the army and functioned as a long- range, aerial artillery. The RAF, on the other hand, had experimented with ground-attack fighters during WW I, and had suffered grievous casualty rates. This, combined with the fact that the British had been deeply enraged and offended by the German Gotha and Zeppelin attacks on their home soil, made them determined to develop a strategic air force that would be capable of bombing German soil in the next war. Thus, at the beginning of WW II, the RAF was mostly a strategic force that consisted of heavy bombers and backup fighters, and lacked any tactical dive- bombers or ground-attack fighters. (Boyne 21) The Pre-P-51 Situation Because of these fundamental differences, the situation that resulted after the air war began was: bombers in enemy territory vs. attack planes. The "in enemy territory" was the second reason for the domination of the Luftwaffe. At the beginning of WW II, and for many years afterward, the Allies had no long-range escort fighters, which meant that the bombers were forced to fly most of their long journeys alone. (Perret 104) Before the P-51 was brought into combat, the main Allied fighters were the American P-47 Thunderbolt and the British Spitfire, neither of which had a very long range. The rule-of-thumb for fighter ranges was that they could go as far as Aachen, which was about 250 miles from the Allied fighters' home bases in England, before they had to turn around. Unfortunately, most of the bombers' targets were between 400 and 700 miles from England. (Bailey 2-3) This meant that bombers could only be escorted into the Benelux countries, northern France, and the very western fringe of Germany. When these unescorted, ungainly, slow, unmaneuverable bombers flew over Germany, they were practically sitting ducks for the fast German fighters. On the other hand, the bombers were equipped with several machine guns and were able to consistently shoot down some of their attackers. Because of this, "U.S. strategists were not yet convinced of the need for long-range fighters; they continued to cling to the belief that their big bomber formations could defend themselves over Germany." (Bailey 153) The Allied Purpose in the Air War The Allies knew that they had to drive German industry into the ground in order to win the war. Since the factories, refineries, assembly-lines, and other industry-related structures were all inland, the